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The Proper Accusative Case: The Direct Object

The Accusative case is the case of the direct object, indicating the person or thing directly affected by the verb's action (e.g., "I see him", "She reads a book"). Its forms depend on gender, number, and whether a masculine noun is animate (living) or inanimate (non-living).

• Nouns:

  • Singular Masculine Inanimate/Neuter: Same as Nominative (consonant/-o/-e/-í). (e.g., Vidím hrad - I see a castle, Vidím město - I see a city)
  • Singular Masculine Animate: Same as Genitive (-a). (e.g., Vidím muže - I see a man, Vidím otce - I see a father)
  • Singular Feminine: ending -u. (e.g., Vidím knihu - I see a book, Vidím ženu - I see a woman)
  • Plural Masculine Inanimate/Feminine/Neuter: Same as Nominative Plural (various endings: -y, -i, -e, -a). (e.g., Vidím hrady - I see castles, Vidím ženy - I see women, Vidím města - I see cities)
  • Plural Masculine Animate: Same as Genitive Plural (-ů). (e.g., Vidím muže - I see men, Vidím otce - I see fathers)

• Adjectives: Follow the rules of the noun they modify. Hard stem adjectives use hard endings, soft stem adjectives use soft endings.

  • Singular Masculine Inanimate/Neuter: Same as Nominative Singular (hard -ý/-é, soft -í). (e.g., Vidím starý hrad - I see an old castle, Vidím jarní moře - I see a spring sea)
  • Singular Masculine Animate: Same as Genitive Singular (hard -ého, soft -ího). (e.g., Vidím starého muže - I see an old man, Vidím jarního ptáka - I see a spring bird)
  • Singular Feminine: ending -ou (hard) / -í (soft). (e.g., Vidím novou knihu - I see a new book, Vidím jarní květinu - I see a spring flower)
  • Plural Masculine Inanimate/Feminine/Neuter: Same as Nominative Plural (hard -é/-é/-á, soft -í/-í/-í). (e.g., Vidím staré hrady - I see old castles, Vidím jarní květiny - I see spring flowers)
  • Plural Masculine Animate: Same as Genitive Plural (hard -ých, soft -ích). (e.g., Vidím starých mužů - I see old men, Vidím jarních ptáků - I see spring birds)

• Examples: Já čtu zajímavou knihu (I am reading an interesting book). On vidí svého otce (He sees his father). My kupujeme nové auto (We are buying a new car).