The Proper Accusative Case: The Direct Object
The Accusative case is the case of the direct object, showing the person or thing that is directly affected by the verb's action (e.g., "I see him", "She reads a book"). Its forms depend on gender, number, and whether a masculine noun is animate (living) or inanimate (non-living).
Nouns:
- Singular Masc Inan/Neuter: Same as Nominative (consonant/-o/-e, soft endings). (e.g., Vidim dom - I see a house, Vidim selo - I see a village)
- Singular Masc Animate: Same as Genitive (hard/soft -a). (e.g., Vidim otca - I see a father, Vidim muža - I see a man)
- Singular Feminine: hard -u, soft -ju. (e.g., Vidim knigu - I see a book, Vidim zemlju - I see land)
- Plural Masc Inan/Fem/Neuter: Same as Nominative Plural (-y/-i). (e.g., Vidim domy - I see houses, Vidim knigy - I see books, Vidim sela - I see villages, Vidim kosti - I see bones)
- Plural Masc Animate: Same as Genitive Plural (-ov/-ev/-∅, soft variations). (e.g., Vidim otcov - I see fathers, Vidim mužev - I see men)
Adjectives: Follow the noun's rules.
- Singular Masc Inan/Neuter: Same as Nominative Sg (hard -y/-o/, soft -i/-e). (e.g., Vidim stary dom - I see an old house, Vidim svěže selo - I see a fresh village)
- Singular Masc Animate: Same as Genitive Sg (hard -ogo, soft -ego). (e.g., Vidim starogo otca - I see an old father, Vidim svěžego muža - I see a fresh man)
- Singular Feminine: hard -u, soft -u. (e.g., Vidim novu knigu - I see a new book, Vidim svězu zemju - I see fresh land)
- Plural Masc Inan/Fem/Neuter: Same as Nominative Plural (hard/soft -y/-i/-e). (e.g., Vidim stare domy - I see old houses, Vidim svěže knigy - I see fresh books, Vidim stare sela - I see old villages)
- Plural Masc Animate: Same as Genitive Plural (hard/soft -yh/-ih). (e.g., Vidim staryh otcov - I see old fathers, Vidim svěžih mužev - I see fresh men)
Examples: Ja čitam interesnu knigu (I am reading an interesting book). On vidi svojego otca (He sees his father). My kupujemo svěže avto (We are buying a fresh car).