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The Proper Accusative Case: The Direct Object

The Accusative case is the case of the direct object, indicating the person or thing directly affected by the verb's action (e.g., "I see him", "She reads a book"). Its forms depend on gender, number (singular, dual, plural), and whether a masculine noun is animate (living) or inanimate (non-living).

• Nouns:

  • Singular Masculine Inanimate/Neuter: Same as Nominative. (e.g., Вижджѫ̀ домъ - I see a house, Вижджѫ̀ село́ - I see a village)
  • Singular Masculine Animate: Same as Genitive (-a). (e.g., Вижджѫ̀ отьцꙗ́ - I see a father, Вижджѫ̀ мѫжа - I see a man)
  • Singular Feminine: hard -ѫ, soft -ѭ. (e.g., Вижджѫ̀ книгѫ́ - I see a book, Вижджѫ̀ землю́ - I see land)
  • Dual Masc Animate/Inan/Neuter: Same as Nominative Dual. (e.g., Вижджѫ̀ два́ брата - I see two brothers, Вижджѫ̀ два́ села́ - I see two villages)
  • Dual Feminine: Same as Nominative Dual. (e.g., Вижджѫ̀ двѣ женѣ́ - I see two women, Вижджѫ̀ двѣ рѣцѣ́ - I see two rivers)
  • Plural Masc Inan/Neuter: Same as Nominative Plural. (e.g., Вижджѫ̀ доми́ - I see houses, Вижджѫ̀ села́ - I see villages)
  • Plural Masculine Animate: Same as Genitive Plural (-овъ). (e.g., Вижджѫ̀ отъць - I see fathers, Вижджѫ̀ мѫжи́ - I see men)
  • Plural Feminine: Same as Nominative Plural (-y). (e.g., Вижджѫ̀ жены - I see women, Вижджѫ̀ книгꙑ - I see books)

• Adjectives (Simple/Indefinite): Follow the rules of the noun they modify. Hard stem adjectives use hard endings, soft stem adjectives use soft endings.

  • Singular Masculine Inanimate/Neuter: Same as Nominative Sg (hard -ъ/-о, soft -ь/-е). (e.g., Вижджѫ̀ добръ домъ - I see a good house, Вижджѫ̀ синѥ мо́ре - I see a blue sea)
  • Singular Masculine Animate: Same as Genitive Sg (hard -а, soft -я). (e.g., Вижджѫ̀ добра отьцꙗ́ - I see a good father, Вижджѫ̀ синя мѫжа - I see a blue man)
  • Singular Feminine: hard -ѫ, soft -ѭ. (e.g., Вижджѫ̀ новѫ книгѫ́ - I see a new book, Вижджѫ̀ синю женѫ́ - I see a blue woman)
  • Dual Masc Animate/Inan/Neuter: Same as Nominative Dual (hard -а/-а, soft -я/-я). (e.g., Вижджѫ̀ добра бра́та - I see two good brothers, Вижджѫ̀ синя села́ - I see two blue villages)
  • Dual Feminine: Same as Nominative Dual (hard -ѣ/-ѣ, soft -и/-и). (e.g., Вижджѫ̀ добрѣ женѣ́ - I see two good women, Вижджѫ̀ сини земли́ - I see two blue lands)
  • Plural Masc Inan/Neuter: Same as Nominative Plural (hard -ы/-а, soft -и/-я). (e.g., Вижджѫ̀ добры доми́ - I see good houses, Вижджѫ̀ синя села́ - I see blue villages)
  • Plural Masculine Animate: Same as Genitive Plural (hard -ыхъ, soft -ихъ). (e.g., Вижджѫ̀ добрꙑхъ отъць - I see good fathers, Вижджѫ̀ синихъ мѫжи́и - I see blue men)
  • Plural Feminine: Same as Nominative Plural (hard -ы/-ы, soft -и/-и). (e.g., Вижджѫ̀ добры жены - I see good women, Вижджѫ̀ сини землѣ́ - I see blue lands)

• Examples: Азъ чи́тамъ интере́снѫ книгѫ́ (I am reading an interesting book). Онъ ви́дитъ своего́ отьцꙗ́ (He sees his father). Мꙑ коу́пимъ ново село́ (We are buying a new village).