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The Proper Accusative Case: The Direct Object

The Accusative case is the case of the direct object, indicating the person or thing directly affected by the verb's action (e.g., "I see him", "She reads a book"). Its forms depend on gender, number, and whether a masculine noun is animate (living) or inanimate (non-living).

• Nouns:

  • Singular Masculine Inanimate/Neuter: Same as Nominative (consonant/-o/-e/-я). (e.g., Я вижу стол - I see a table, Я вижу го́род - I see a city, Я вижу окно́ - I see a window)
  • Singular Masculine Animate: Same as Genitive (-а). (e.g., Я вижу отца́ - I see a father, Я вижу челове́ка - I see a person)
  • Singular Feminine: ending -у. (e.g., Я вижу кни́гу - I see a book, Я вижу зе́млю - I see the earth)
  • Plural Masculine Inanimate/Feminine/Neuter: Same as Nominative Plural (-ы/-и/-а/-я). (e.g., Я вижу столы́ - I see tables, Я вижу кни́ги - I see books, Я вижу о́кна - I see windows)
  • Plural Masculine Animate: Same as Genitive Plural (-ов/-ев/-ей). (e.g., Я вижу отцо́в - I see fathers, Я вижу люде́й - I see people)

• Adjectives: Follow the rules of the noun they modify. Hard stem adjectives use hard endings, soft stem adjectives use soft endings.

  • Singular Masculine Inanimate/Neuter: Same as Nominative Singular (hard -ый/-ое, soft -ий/-ее). (e.g., Я вижу ста́рый дом - I see an old house, Я вижу си́нее мо́ре - I see a blue sea)
  • Singular Masculine Animate: Same as Genitive Singular (hard -ого, soft -его). (e.g., Я вижу ста́рого отца́ - I see an old father, Я вижу си́него челове́ка - I see a blue person)
  • Singular Feminine: ending -ую (hard) / -юю (soft). (e.g., Я вижу но́вую кни́гу - I see a new book, Я вижу си́нюю же́нщину - I see a blue woman)
  • Plural Masculine Inanimate/Feminine/Neuter: Same as Nominative Plural (hard -ые/-ие, soft -ие). (e.g., Я вижу ста́рые дома́ - I see old houses, Я вижу си́ние кни́ги - I see blue books)
  • Plural Masculine Animate: Same as Genitive Plural (hard -ых, soft -их). (e.g., Я вижу ста́рых отцо́в - I see old fathers, Я вижу си́них люде́й - I see blue people)

• Examples: Я чита́ю интере́сную кни́гу (I am reading an interesting book). Он ви́дит свое́го отца́ (He sees his father). Мы покупа́ем си́нее а́вто (We are buying a blue car).