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The Proper Accusative Case: The Direct Object

The Accusative case is the case of the direct object, indicating the person or thing directly affected by the verb's action (e.g., "I see him", "She reads a book"). Its forms depend on gender, number, and whether a masculine noun is animate (living) or inanimate (non-living).

• Nouns:

  • Singular Masculine Inanimate/Neuter: Same as Nominative (consonant/-o/-e). (e.g., Vidím hrad - I see a castle, Vidím mesto - I see a city)
  • Singular Masculine Animate: Same as Genitive (-a). (e.g., Vidím otca - I see a father, Vidím muža - I see a man)
  • Singular Feminine: ending -u. (e.g., Vidím knihu - I see a book, Vidím zem - I see land - Note: feminine nouns ending in a consonant do not change in accusative singular).
  • Plural Masculine Inanimate/Feminine/Neuter: Same as Nominative Plural (various endings: -y, -e, -á, -ia). (e.g., Vidím hrady - I see castles, Vidím ženy - I see women, Vidím mestá - I see cities)
  • Plural Masculine Animate: Same as Genitive Plural (-ov). (e.g., Vidím otcov - I see fathers, Vidím mužov - I see men)

• Adjectives: Follow the rules of the noun they modify. Hard stem adjectives use hard endings, soft stem adjectives use soft endings.

  • Singular Masculine Inanimate/Neuter: Same as Nominative Singular (hard -ý/-é, soft -í/-ie). (e.g., Vidím starý hrad - I see an old castle, Vidím cudzie mesto - I see a foreign city)
  • Singular Masculine Animate: Same as Genitive Singular (hard -ého, soft -ieho). (e.g., Vidím starého otca - I see an old father, Vidím cudzieho muža - I see a foreign man)
  • Singular Feminine: ending -u (hard) / -iu (soft). (e.g., Vidím novú knihu - I see a new book, Vidím cudziu ženu - I see a foreign woman)
  • Plural Masculine Inanimate/Feminine/Neuter: Same as Nominative Plural (hard -é/-é/-é, soft -ie/-ie/-ie). (e.g., Vidím staré hrady - I see old castles, Vidím cudzie ženy - I see foreign women)
  • Plural Masculine Animate: Same as Genitive Plural (hard -ých, soft -ích). (e.g., Vidím starých otcov - I see old fathers, Vidím cudzích mužov - I see foreign men)

• Examples: Ja čítam zaujímavú knihu (I am reading an interesting book). On vidí svojho otca (He sees his father). My kupujeme nové auto (We are buying a new car).