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The Proper Accusative Case: The Direct Object

The Accusative case is the case of the direct object, indicating the person or thing directly affected by the verb's action (e.g., "I see him", "She reads a book"). Its forms depend on gender, number (singular, dual, plural), and whether a masculine noun is animate (living) or inanimate (non-living).

• Nouns:

  • Singular Masculine Inanimate/Neuter: Same as Nominative. (e.g., Vidim dom - I see a house, Vidim mesto - I see a city)
  • Singular Masculine Animate: Same as Genitive (-a). (e.g., Vidim očeta - I see a father, Vidim moža - I see a man)
  • Singular Feminine: ending -o. (e.g., Vidim knjigo - I see a book, Vidim zemljo - I see land)
  • Dual (all genders): Same as Nominative Dual. (e.g., Vidim dva doma - I see two houses, Vidim dve ženski - I see two women, Vidim dve mesti - I see two cities)
  • Plural Masculine Inanimate/Neuter: Same as Nominative Plural. (e.g., Vidim domove - I see houses, Vidim mesta - I see cities)
  • Plural Masculine Animate: Same as Genitive Plural (-ev). (e.g., Vidim očetov - I see fathers, Vidim mož - I see men)
  • Plural Feminine: Same as Nominative Plural (-e). (e.g., Vidim ženske - I see women, Vidim knjige - I see books)

• Adjectives: Follow the rules of the noun they modify. Hard stem adjectives use hard endings, soft stem adjectives use soft endings.

  • Singular Masculine Inanimate/Neuter: Same as Nominative Sg (hard -er/-a/-o, soft -ž/-a/-e). (e.g., Vidim star dom - I see an old house, Vidim sveže sadje - I see fresh fruit)
  • Singular Masculine Animate: Same as Genitive Sg (hard -ega, soft -ega). (e.g., Vidim starega očeta - I see an old father, Vidim svežega moškega - I see a fresh man)
  • Singular Feminine: hard -o, soft -o. (e.g., Vidim novo knjigo - I see a new book, Vidim svežo vodo - I see fresh water)
  • Dual Masc Animate/Inan/Neuter: Same as Nominative Dual (hard -a/-a/-a, soft -a/-a/-e). (e.g., Vidim dobra brata - I see two good brothers, Vidim sveža polja - I see two fresh fields, Vidim sveži reki - I see two fresh rivers)
  • Dual Feminine: Same as Nominative Dual (hard -i/-i, soft -i/-i). (e.g., Vidim dobri ženski - I see two good women, Vidim sveži reki - I see two fresh rivers)
  • Plural Masculine Inanimate/Neuter: Same as Nominative Plural (hard -i/-a, soft -i/-a). (e.g., Vidim stare domove - I see old houses, Vidim sveža mesta - I see fresh cities)
  • Plural Masculine Animate: Same as Genitive Plural (hard -ih, soft -ih). (e.g., Vidim starih očetov - I see old fathers, Vidim svežih mož - I see fresh men)
  • Plural Feminine: Same as Nominative Plural (hard -e/-e, soft -e/-e). (e.g., Vidim stare ženske - I see old women, Vidim sveže knjige - I see fresh books)

• Examples: Berem zanimivo knjigo (I am reading an interesting book). On vidi svojega očeta (He sees his father). Kupujemo novo avto (We are buying a new car).