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The Proper Accusative Case: The Direct Object

The Accusative case is the case of the direct object, indicating the person or thing directly affected by the verb's action (e.g., "I see him", "She reads a book"). Its forms depend on gender, number (singular, dual, plural), and whether a masculine noun is animate (living) or inanimate (non-living).

• Nouns:

  • Singular Masculine Inanimate/Neuter: Same as Nominative. (e.g., Widźu dom - I see a house, Widźu město - I see a city)
  • Singular Masculine Animate: Same as Genitive (-a). (e.g., Widźu wojca - I see a father, Widźu muža - I see a man)
  • Singular Feminine: ending -u (hard) / -u (soft). (e.g., Widźu knihu - I see a book, Widźu zemju - I see land)
  • Dual Masc Animate/Inan/Neuter: Same as Nominative Dual. (e.g., Widźu dwaj bratraj - I see two brothers, Widźu dwě měsći - I see two cities, Widźu dwě woknjej - I see two windows)
  • Dual Feminine: Same as Nominative Dual. (e.g., Widźu dwě žonje - I see two women, Widźu dwě rěcej - I see two rivers)
  • Plural Masc Inan/Neuter: Same as Nominative Plural. (e.g., Widźu domy - I see houses, Widźu města - I see cities)
  • Plural Masculine Animate: Same as Genitive Plural (-ow). (e.g., Widźu wojcow - I see fathers, Widźu mužow - I see men)
  • Plural Feminine: Same as Nominative Plural (-y). (e.g., Widźu žony - I see women, Widźu knihy - I see books)

• Adjectives: Follow the rules of the noun they modify. Hard stem adjectives use hard endings, soft stem adjectives use soft endings.

  • Singular Masculine Inanimate/Neuter: Same as Nominative Sg (hard -y/-e, soft -y/-e). (e.g., Widźu stary dom - I see an old house, Widźu cyze město - I see a foreign city)
  • Singular Masculine Animate: Same as Genitive Sg (hard -eho, soft -eho). (e.g., Widźu stareho wojca - I see an old father, Widźu cyzeho muža - I see a foreign man)
  • Singular Feminine: ending -u (hard) / -u (soft). (e.g., Widźu nowu knihu - I see a new book, Widźu cyzu žonu - I see a foreign woman)
  • Dual Masc Animate/Inan/Neuter: Same as Nominative Dual (hard -ej/-ej/-ej, soft -ej/-ej/-ej). (e.g., Widźu dobrej bratraj - I see two good brothers, Widźu cyzej měsći - I see two foreign cities)
  • Dual Feminine: Same as Nominative Dual (hard -ej/-ej, soft -ej/-ej). (e.g., Widźu dobrej žonje - I see two good women, Widźu cyzej rěcej - I see two foreign rivers)
  • Plural Masc Inan/Neuter: Same as Nominative Plural (hard -e/-e, soft -e/-e). (e.g., Widźu stare domy - I see old houses, Widźu cyze města - I see foreign cities)
  • Plural Masculine Animate: Same as Genitive Plural (hard -ych, soft -ich). (e.g., Widźu starych wojcow - I see old fathers, Widźu cyzich mužow - I see foreign men)
  • Plural Feminine: Same as Nominative Plural (hard -e/-e, soft -e/-e). (e.g., Widźu stare žony - I see old women, Widźu cyze knihy - I see foreign books)

• Examples: Ja čitam zajimawu knihu (I am reading an interesting book). Wón widźi swojeho wojca (He sees his father). My kupujemy nowe auto (We are buying a new car).