The Proper Accusative Case: The Direct Object
The Accusative case is the case of the direct object, indicating the person or thing directly affected by the verb's action (e.g., "I see him", "She reads a book"). Its forms depend on gender, number (singular, dual, plural), and whether a masculine noun is animate (living) or inanimate (non-living).
Nouns:
- Singular Masculine Inanimate/Neuter: Same as Nominative. (e.g., Ви́ждꙋ до́мъ - I see a house, Ви́ждꙋ село̀ - I see a village)
- Singular Masculine Animate: Same as Genitive (-а). (e.g., Ви́ждꙋ о҆тца̀ - I see a father, Ви́ждꙋ мꙋ́жа - I see a man)
- Singular Feminine: hard -ꙋ́, soft -ю̀. (e.g., Ви́ждꙋ кни́гꙋ - I see a book, Ви́ждꙋ зе́млю - I see land)
- Dual Masc Animate/Inan/Neuter: Same as Nominative Dual. (e.g., Ви́ждꙋ два̀ бра̑та - I see two brothers, Ви́ждꙋ два̀ села̀ - I see two villages)
- Dual Feminine: Same as Nominative Dual. (e.g., Ви́ждꙋ двѣ̀ женѣ̀ - I see two women, Ви́ждꙋ двѣ̀ рѣцѣ̀ - I see two rivers)
- Plural Masc Inan/Neuter: Same as Nominative Plural. (e.g., Ви́ждꙋ до́мы - I see houses, Ви́ждꙋ се́ла - I see villages)
- Plural Masculine Animate: Same as Genitive Plural (-овъ). (e.g., Ви́ждꙋ о҆тє́цъ - I see fathers, Ви́ждꙋ мꙋжє́и - I see men)
- Plural Feminine: Same as Nominative Plural (-y). (e.g., Ви́ждꙋ же́ны - I see women, Ви́ждꙋ кни́гꙑ - I see books)
Adjectives (Short/Indefinite): Follow the rules of the noun they modify. Hard stem adjectives use hard endings, soft stem adjectives use soft endings.
- Singular Masculine Inanimate/Neuter: Same as Nominative Sg (hard -ъ/-о, soft -їи/-ее). (e.g., Ви́ждꙋ до́бръ до́мъ - I see a good house, Ви́ждꙋ сíнѣе мо́ре - I see a blue sea)
- Singular Masculine Animate: Same as Genitive Sg (hard -а, soft -ѧ). (e.g., Ви́ждꙋ до́бра о҆тца̀ - I see a good father, Ви́ждꙋ сíнѧ мꙋ́жа - I see a blue man)
- Singular Feminine: hard -ꙋ́, soft -ю̀. (e.g., Ви́ждꙋ но́вꙋ кни́гꙋ - I see a new book, Ви́ждꙋ сíню же́нꙋ - I see a blue woman)
- Dual Masc Animate/Inan/Neuter: Same as Nominative Dual (hard -а/-а, soft -ѧѧ/-ѧѧ). (e.g., Ви́ждꙋ до́бра бра̑та - I see two good brothers, Ви́ждꙋ сíнѧѧ села̀ - I see two blue villages)
- Dual Feminine: Same as Nominative Dual (hard -ѣ/-ѣ, soft -ии/-ии). (e.g., Ви́ждꙋ до́брѣ женѣ̀ - I see two good women, Ви́ждꙋ сíнїи землѝ - I see two blue lands)
- Plural Masc Inan/Neuter: Same as Nominative Plural (hard -ы/-а, soft -ии/-ѧѧ). (e.g., Ви́ждꙋ до́бры до́мы - I see good houses, Ви́ждꙋ сíнѧѧ се́ла - I see blue villages)
- Plural Masculine Animate: Same as Genitive Plural (hard -ыхъ, soft -ихъ). (e.g., Ви́ждꙋ до́брыхъ о҆тє́цъ - I see good fathers, Ви́ждꙋ сíнихъ мꙋжє́и - I see blue men)
- Plural Feminine: Same as Nominative Plural (hard -ы/-ы, soft -ии/-ии). (e.g., Ви́ждꙋ до́бры же́ны - I see good women, Ви́ждꙋ сíнїи землѧ́ - I see blue lands)
Examples: А́зъ чита́ѭ интере́снꙋ кни́гꙋ (I am reading an interesting book). То́й ви́дитъ своего́ о҆тца̀ (He sees his father). Мꙑ̀ кꙋ́пимъ но́во село̀ (We are buying a new village).