The Instrumental Case: With and By Means Of
The Instrumental case primarily indicates z kim or z czim an action is performed, or czim. It is always used with a preposition (most commonly z/za/ze - with) or after certain verbs, including the verb bëc (to be) when describing someone's profession or state.
Nouns:
- Singular Masculine/Neuter: ending -ã or -em. (e.g., z bratã - with a brother, z ùczëcélem - with a teacher, z séłã - with a village, z pòlã - with a field)
- Singular Feminine: ending -ą or -ô. (e.g., z sostrą - with a sister, z zemią - with land)
- Plural (all genders): ending -ama or -oma (dialectal -ama). (e.g., z bratama - with brothers, z ùczëcélama - with teachers, z sostrama - with sisters, z séłama - with villages)
Adjectives:
- Singular Masculine/Neuter: hard -im, soft -im. (e.g., z dobrim bratã - with a good brother, z juńdzim ùczëcélem - with a different teacher)
- Singular Feminine: hard -ą, soft -ą. (e.g., z dobrą sostrą - with a good sister, z juńdzą zemią - with different land)
- Plural (all genders): hard/soft -ima. (e.g., z dobrima bratama - with good brothers, z juńdzima ùczëcélama - with different teachers)
Examples: Jdã z kamratã (I am going with a friend). Òni gôdają z nama (They are talking with us). Piszę òłówkã (I am writing with a pencil). Òna je dobrą sztudéntkô (She is a good student). Më jãmë dobrima sztudéntama (We are good students).