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The Proper Accusative Case: The Direct Object

The Accusative case is the case of the direct object, indicating the person or thing directly affected by the verb's action (e.g., "I see him", "She reads a book"). Its forms depend on gender, number, and whether a masculine noun is animate (living) or inanimate (non-living).

• Nouns:

  • Singular Masculine Inanimate/Neuter: Same as Nominative (consonant/-o/-e). (e.g., Widzã dom - I see a house, Widzã sélko - I see a small village)
  • Singular Masculine Animate: Same as Genitive (-a). (e.g., Widzã òjca - I see a father, Widzã chłopa - I see a man)
  • Singular Feminine: ending -ã or -ą. (e.g., Widzã knégã - I see a book, Widzã zemiã - I see land)
  • Plural Masculine Inanimate/Feminine/Neuter: Same as Nominative Plural (-e/-i). (e.g., Widzã domë - I see houses, Widzã knédżi - I see books, Widzã séłka - I see small villages)
  • Plural Masculine Animate: Same as Genitive Plural (-ów/-ew). (e.g., Widzã òjców - I see fathers, Widzã chłopów - I see men)

• Adjectives: Follow the rules of the noun they modify. Hard stem adjectives use hard endings, soft stem adjectives use soft endings.

  • Singular Masculine Inanimate/Neuter: Same as Nominative Singular (hard -i/-é, soft -i/-é). (e.g., Widzã stôri dom - I see an old house, Widzã juńdzé sélko - I see a different small village)
  • Singular Masculine Animate: Same as Genitive Singular (hard -égò, soft -égò). (e.g., Widzã stôrégo òjca - I see an old father, Widzã juńdzégo chłopa - I see a different man)
  • Singular Feminine: ending -ą or -ô. (e.g., Widzã nową knégã - I see a new book, Widzã juńdzą zemiã - I see different land)
  • Plural Masculine Inanimate/Feminine/Neuter: Same as Nominative Plural (hard -é/-é, soft -é/-é). (e.g., Widzã staré domë - I see old houses, Widzã juńdzé knédżi - I see different books)
  • Plural Masculine Animate: Same as Genitive Plural (hard -ich, soft -ich). (e.g., Widzã stôrich òjców - I see old fathers, Widzã juńdzich chłopów - I see different men)

• Examples: Jô czëtóm cékażą knégã (I am reading an interesting book). Òn widzë swòjégò òjca (He sees his father). Më kùpiemë nowé aùto (We are buying a new car).