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The Proper Accusative Case: The Direct Object

The Accusative case is the case of the direct object, indicating the person or thing directly affected by the verb's action (e.g., "I see him", "She reads a book"). Its forms depend on gender, number, and whether a masculine noun is animate (living) or inanimate (non-living).

• Nouns:

  • Singular Masculine Inanimate/Neuter: Same as Nominative (consonant/-o/-e). (e.g., Ja wiźim stoł - I see a table, Ja wiźim město - I see a city, Ja wiźim wokno - I see a window)
  • Singular Masculine Animate: Same as Genitive (-a). (e.g., Ja wiźim nanśa - I see a father, Ja wiźim cłowjeka - I see a person)
  • Singular Feminine: ending -u (hard) / -u (soft). (e.g., Ja wiźim knigłu - I see a book, Ja wiźim zemju - I see the earth)
  • Plural Masculine Inanimate/Feminine/Neuter: Same as Nominative Plural (-y/-i/-a). (e.g., Ja wiźim stoły - I see tables, Ja wiźim knigły - I see books, Ja wiźim wokna - I see windows)
  • Plural Masculine Animate: Same as Genitive Plural (-ow). (e.g., Ja wiźim nańšow - I see fathers, Ja wiźim luźijow - I see people)

• Adjectives: Follow the rules of the noun they modify. Hard stem adjectives use hard endings, soft stem adjectives use soft endings.

  • Singular Masculine Inanimate/Neuter: Same as Nominative Singular (hard -y/-e, soft -y/-e). (e.g., Ja wiźim stary dom - I see an old house, Ja wiźim něžne pólo - I see a tender field)
  • Singular Masculine Animate: Same as Genitive Singular (hard -ego, soft -ego). (e.g., Ja wiźim starego nanśa - I see an old father, Ja wiźim něžnego clowjeka - I see a tender person)
  • Singular Feminine: ending -u (hard) / -u (soft). (e.g., Ja wiźim nowu knigłu - I see a new book, Ja wiźim něžnu žonu - I see a tender woman)
  • Plural Masculine Inanimate/Feminine/Neuter: Same as Nominative Plural (hard -e, soft -e). (e.g., Ja wiźim stare domy - I see old houses, Ja wiźim něžne knigły - I see tender books)
  • Plural Masculine Animate: Same as Genitive Plural (hard -ych, soft -ich). (e.g., Ja wiźim starych nańšow - I see old fathers, Ja wiźim něžnych luźijow - I see tender people)

• Examples: Ja cytam zajmowu knigłu (I am reading an interesting book). Wón wiźi swojogo nanśa (He sees his father). My kupujomy něžne kwěśe (We are buying tender flowers).