Basic Accusative and Locative (Singular Only)
Let's start with a simplified look at two more cases in the singular. The Accusative case often marks the direct object (who or what receives the action). The Locative case (also called Prepositional) is used for location after prepositions like na (on) or w (in). For now, let's just see how simple singular nouns change (adjectives also change, but we'll keep it very basic here).
Accusative (Singular):
- Masculine Inanimate & Neuter: Look like the Nominative. (e.g., Ja wiźim stoł - I see a table, Ja wiźim město - I see a city)
- Masculine Animate: Look like the Genitive (-a). (e.g., Ja wiźim nanśa - I see a father)
- Feminine: End in -u (hard) / -u (soft). (e.g., Ja wiźim žonu - I see a woman, Ja wiźim knigłu - I see a book)
Locative (Prepositional) with 'na/w' (Singular):
- Masculine/Neuter: Ends in -u. (e.g., na stolu - on a table, w měsće - in a city, na pólu - in a field)
- Feminine: Ends in -e. (e.g., na rěke - on a river, w zemji - in the earth, w škole - in a school)
Examples: Ja cytam knigłu (I am reading a book). Smy seźimy na stolu (We are sitting on a table).