LibreLingo

Family

The Instrumental Case: With and By Means Of

The Instrumental case primarily indicates s kim or czym an action is performed, or czym. It is always used with a preposition (most commonly s - with) or after certain verbs, including the verb być (to be) when describing someone's profession or state.

  • Nouns:

    • Singular Masculine/Neuter: ending -ym (hard) / -iym (soft). (e.g., s braciorzym - with a brother, s utytelym - with a teacher, s miastym - with a city, s polym - with a field)
    • Singular Feminine: ending -ům (hard) / -iům (soft). (e.g., z siostrzům - with a sister, z ziymiům - with land)
    • Plural (all genders): ending -ami. (e.g., z bratami - with brothers, z utytelami - with teachers, z siostrami - with sisters, z miastami - with cities)
  • Adjectives:

    • Singular Masculine/Neuter: ending -ym (hard) / -iym (soft). (e.g., z dobrym braciorzym - with a good brother, z inšym utytelym - with a different teacher)
    • Singular Feminine: ending -ům (hard) / -iům (soft). (e.g., z dobrům siostrzům - with a good sister, z inšiům ziymiům - with different land)
    • Plural (all genders): ending -ymi. (e.g., z dobrymi bratami - with good brothers, z inšymi utytelami - with different teachers)
  • Examples: Idym s kamratym (I am going with a friend). Łoni gŏdajům s nami (They are talking with us). Pisza uůwkym (I am writing with a pencil). Łona je dobrům študyntkům (She is a good student). My żeśmy sům dobrymi študyntami (We are good students).