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The Proper Accusative Case: The Direct Object

The Accusative case is the case of the direct object, indicating the person or thing directly affected by the verb's action (e.g., "I see him", "She reads a book"). Its forms depend on gender, number, and whether a masculine noun is animate (living) or inanimate (non-living).

• Nouns:

  • Singular Masculine Inanimate/Neuter: Same as Nominative (consonant/-o/-e/-y/-i). (e.g., Widza stół - I see a table, Widza pole - I see a field, Widza ôkno - I see a window)
  • Singular Masculine Animate: Same as Genitive (-a). (e.g., Widza ôjca - I see a father, Widza chopa - I see a man)
  • Singular Feminine: ending -a (hard) / -io (soft). (e.g., Widza ksiůnżka - I see a book, Widza ziymiã - I see land)
  • Plural Masculine Inanimate/Feminine/Neuter: Same as Nominative Plural (-y/-i/-a). (e.g., Widza stoły - I see tables, Widza ksiůnżki - I see books, Widza ôkna - I see windows)
  • Plural Masculine Animate: Same as Genitive Plural (-ów/-i/-y). (e.g., Widza ôjcōw - I see fathers, Widza chopōw - I see men)

• Adjectives: Follow the rules of the noun they modify. Hard stem adjectives use hard endings, soft stem adjectives use soft endings.

  • Singular Masculine Inanimate/Neuter: Same as Nominative Singular (hard -y/-e, soft -i/-e). (e.g., Widza stary dom - I see an old house, Widza inše pole - I see a different field)
  • Singular Masculine Animate: Same as Genitive Singular (hard -ego, soft -igo). (e.g., Widza starego ôjca - I see an old father, Widza inšigo chopa - I see a different man)
  • Singular Feminine: ending -a (hard) / -io (soft). (e.g., Widza nowa ksiůnżka - I see a new book, Widza inšo ziymiã - I see different land)
  • Plural Masculine Inanimate/Feminine/Neuter: Same as Nominative Plural (hard -e/-e, soft -e/-e). (e.g., Widza stare domy - I see old houses, Widza inše ksiůnżki - I see different books)
  • Plural Masculine Animate: Same as Genitive Plural (hard -ych, soft -ich). (e.g., Widza starych ôjcōw - I see old fathers, Widza inšich chopōw - I see different men)

• Examples: Jo czytóm ciekawóm ksiůnżka (I am reading an interesting book). Łon widzi swojigo ôjca (He sees his father). My kupujymy nowe auto (We are buying a new car).